Xenin是最初从人胃粘膜分离出来的由25个氨基酸组成的多肽。 Xenin是可以减少食欲的肠激素。
| 生物活性 |
Xenin is a 25-amino acid peptide initially isolated from human gastric mucosa. Xenin is a gut hormone that can reduce food intake.
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体外研究
(In Vitro) |
Xenin is abundantly expressed in gastric, duodenal, and jejunal mucosa, and is found at lower levels in the pancreas. Xenin is released into the circulation postprandially and has been reported to stimulatepancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretion, inhibit gastrin secretion, and influence gastrointestinal motility. Xenin is highly homologous to neurotensin. Xenin and neurotensin are reported to have similar biological effects[1].
MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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体内研究
(In Vivo) |
Both intracerebroventricular and intraperitoneal administration of xenin inhibit fasting-induced hyperphagia in wild-type mice in a dose-dependent manner. The intraperitoneal injection of xenin also reduces nocturnal intake in ad libitum–fed wild-type mice. The intraperitoneal injection of xenin increases Fos immunoreactivity in hypothalamic nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus and the arcuate nucleus. Xenin reduces food intake in agouti and ob/ob mice[2]. Gastric emptying rate is reduced by about 93% in xenin-treated mice compared to saline-treated control mice. The i.p. xenin injection significantly increases Fos-immunoreactive cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the brainstem, but not area postrema and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus[3].
MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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| 分子量 |
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| Formula |
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| CAS 号 |
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| Sequence |
Met-Leu-Thr-Lys-Phe-Glu-Thr-Lys-Ser-Ala-Arg-Val-Lys-Gly-Leu-Ser-Phe-His-Pro-Lys-Arg-Pro-Trp-Ile-Leu
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| Sequence Shortening |
MLTKFETKSARVKGLSFHPKRPWIL
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| 运输条件 |
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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| 储存方式 |
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
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| Solvent Solubility |
In Vitro:;
H2O
Peptide Solubility and Storage Guidelines:
1.;;Calculate the length of the peptide.
2.;;Calculate the overall charge of the entire peptide according to the following table:
| ; |
Contents |
Assign value |
| Acidic amino acid |
Asp (D), Glu (E), and the C-terminal -COOH. |
-1 |
| Basic amino acid |
Arg (R), Lys (K), His (H), and the N-terminal -NH2 |
+1 |
| Neutral amino acid |
Gly (G), Ala (A), Leu (L), Ile (I), Val (V), Cys (C), Met (M), Thr (T), Ser (S), Phe (F), Tyr (Y), Trp (W), Pro (P), Asn (N), Gln (Q) |
0 |
3.;;Recommended solution:
| Overall charge of peptide |
Details |
| Negative (lt;0) |
1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, add NH4OH (lt;50 μL).
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, add DMSO (50-100 μL) to solubilize the peptide. |
| Positive (gt;0) |
1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, try dissolving the peptide in a 10%-30% acetic acid solution.
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO. |
| Zero (=0) |
1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in organic solvent (acetonitrile, methanol, etc.) first.
2.;;For very hydrophobic peptides, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO, and then dilute the solution with water to the desired concentration. |
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| 参考文献 |
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[1]. Cooke JH, et al. Peripheral and central administration of xenin and neurotensin suppress food intake in rodents. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Jun;17(6):1135-43.
[2]. Leckstrom A, et al. Xenin, a gastrointestinal peptide, regulates feeding independent of the melanocortinsignaling pathway. Diabetes. 2009 Jan;58(1):87-94.
[3]. Kim ER, et al. Xenin delays gastric emptying rate and activates the brainstem in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2010 Aug 30;481(1):59-63.
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Animal Administration
[2] |
Mice: Mice (wild-type and ob/ob mice) are fasted overnight (1800–1000 h) and injected with xenin intracerebroventricularly (0.1, 1, or 5 μg) or intraperitoneally (0.5, 5, 15, or 50 μg/g body wt) at 1000 h. To compare the feeding-suppressing effect between xenin and neurotensin, equimolar amounts (16.5 nmol) of xenin (50 μg/g body wt) or neurotensin (28 μg/g body) are injected intraperitoneally after an overnight fast. Control mice receive either intracerebroventricular injection of aCSF or intraperitoneal injection of saline. Preweighed food is provided to mice immediately after the injection. Cumulative food intake is measured at time points indicated in each figure up to 24 h after injection[2].
MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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| 参考文献 |
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[1]. Cooke JH, et al. Peripheral and central administration of xenin and neurotensin suppress food intake in rodents. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Jun;17(6):1135-43.
[2]. Leckstrom A, et al. Xenin, a gastrointestinal peptide, regulates feeding independent of the melanocortinsignaling pathway. Diabetes. 2009 Jan;58(1):87-94.
[3]. Kim ER, et al. Xenin delays gastric emptying rate and activates the brainstem in mice. Neurosci Lett. 2010 Aug 30;481(1):59-63.
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