Prosaptide Tx14(A) TFA

Prosaptide Tx14(A) TFA;

Prosaptide Tx14(A) TFA 是一种 prosaposin 衍生肽,是一种有效的 GPR37L1GPR37 激动剂,EC50 分别为 5 和 7 nM。Prosaptide Tx14(A) TFA 增加 Schwann 细胞 ERK1 和 ERK2 的磷酸化。

Prosaptide Tx14(A) TFAamp;;

Prosaptide Tx14(A) TFA Chemical Structure

规格 是否有货
100 mg ; 询价 ;
250 mg ; 询价 ;
500 mg ; 询价 ;

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

Prosaptide Tx14(A) TFA 的其他形式现货产品:

Prosaptide Tx14(A)

生物活性

Prosaptide Tx14(A) TFA, a prosaposin-derived peptide, is a potent GPR37L1 and GPR37 agonist with EC50s of 5 and 7 nM, respectively. Prosaptide Tx14(A) TFA increases both ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation in Schwann cells[1][2].

体外研究
(In Vitro)

Prosaptide Tx14(A) TFA promotes the endocytosis of GPR37 and GPR37L1, bound to both receptors and activated signaling in a GPR37- and GPR37L1-dependent manner. Prosaptide Tx14(A) TFA is the active fragment of the secreted neuroprotective and glioprotective factor prosaposin (also known as sulfated glycoprotein-1)[1].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

分子量

1693.72

Formula

C71H111F3N16O28

Sequence

Thr-Ala-Leu-Ile-Asp-Asn-Asn-Ala-Thr-Glu-Glu-Ile-Leu-Tyr

Sequence Shortening

TALIDNNATEEILY

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

参考文献
  • [1]. Meyer RC, et al. GPR37 and GPR37L1 are receptors for the neuroprotective and glioprotective factors prosaptide and prosaposin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(23):9529-9534.

    [2]. Campana WM, et al. Prosaptide activates the MAPK pathway by a G-protein-dependent mechanism essential for enhanced sulfatide synthesis by Schwann cells. FASEB J. 1998;12(3):307-314.

ZIP TFA

ZIP TFA;

ZIP TFA 是一种选择性的 PKMζ 肽抑制剂。 ZIP TFA 可以阻止吗啡条件性位置偏爱诱导的损伤。

ZIP TFAamp;;

ZIP TFA Chemical Structure

规格 是否有货
100 mg ; 询价 ;
250 mg ; 询价 ;
500 mg ; 询价 ;

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

ZIP TFA 的其他形式现货产品:

ZIP

生物活性

ZIP TFA is a selective peptide inhibitor of PKMζ. ZIP TFA injections can block the impairment in morphine conditioned place preference induced[1].

IC50 Target

PKMζ[1]

Clinical Trial

分子量

2042.40

Formula

C92H155F3N30O19

Sequence Shortening

{Myr-Ser}-IYRRGARRWRKL

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

Solvent Solubility
In Vitro:;

H2O

Peptide Solubility and Storage Guidelines:

1.;;Calculate the length of the peptide.

2.;;Calculate the overall charge of the entire peptide according to the following table:

; Contents Assign value
Acidic amino acid Asp (D), Glu (E), and the C-terminal -COOH. -1
Basic amino acid Arg (R), Lys (K), His (H), and the N-terminal -NH2 +1
Neutral amino acid Gly (G), Ala (A), Leu (L), Ile (I), Val (V), Cys (C), Met (M), Thr (T), Ser (S), Phe (F), Tyr (Y), Trp (W), Pro (P), Asn (N), Gln (Q) 0

3.;;Recommended solution:

Overall charge of peptide Details
Negative (lt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, add NH4OH (lt;50 μL).
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, add DMSO (50-100 μL) to solubilize the peptide.
Positive (gt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, try dissolving the peptide in a 10%-30% acetic acid solution.
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO.
Zero (=0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in organic solvent (acetonitrile, methanol, etc.) first.
2.;;For very hydrophobic peptides, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO, and then dilute the solution with water to the desired concentration.
参考文献
  • [1]. Li Y, et, al. Inhibition of PKMzeta in nucleus accumbens core abolishes long-term drug reward memory. J Neurosci. 2011 Apr 6;31(14):5436-46.

PKI(5-24) TFA

PKI(5-24) TFA;

PKI(5-24) TFA 是一种强效、竞争性、合成的 PKA (cAMP 依赖性蛋白激酶) 抑制剂,Ki 为 2.3 nM。PKI(5-24) TFA 对应于天然存在的热稳定蛋白激酶抑制剂中的 5-24 残基。

PKI(5-24) TFAamp;;

PKI(5-24) TFA Chemical Structure

规格 是否有货
100 mg ; 询价 ;
250 mg ; 询价 ;
500 mg ; 询价 ;

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

PKI(5-24) TFA 的其他形式现货产品:

PKI(5-24)

生物活性

PKI(5-24) TFA is a potent, competitive, and synthetic peptide inhibitor of PKA (cAMP-dependent protein kinase), with a Ki of 2.3 nM. PKI(5-24) TFA corresponds to residues 5-24 in the naturally occurring heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor[1][2].

体外研究
(In Vitro)

PKI(5-24) TFA is a 20-residue peptide has been synthesized that corresponds to the active site of the skeletal muscle inhibitor protein[1].
PKI(5-24) TFA inhibits phosphotransferase activity of the mutant cGMP kinase with higher potency than that of wild type, with Ki values of 42 μΜ and 160 μΜ, respectively[2].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

分子量

2336.40

Formula

C94H148N32O31.C2HF3O2

Sequence

Thr-Thr-Tyr-Ala-Asp-Phe-Ile-Ala-Ser-Gly-Arg-Thr-Gly-Arg-Arg-Asn-Ala-Ile-His-Asp

Sequence Shortening

TTYADFIASGRTGRRNAIHD

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

参考文献
  • [1]. Cheng HC, et al. A potent synthetic peptide inhibitor of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem. 1986;261(3):989-992.

    [2]. Ruth P, et al F. A cGMP kinase mutant with increased sensitivity to the protein kinase inhibitor peptide PKI(5-24). Biol Chem. 1996;377(7-8):513-520.

NTR 368 TFA

NTR 368 TFA;

NTR 368 TFA 是衍生自 p75 神经营养蛋白受体 (p75NTR) 的一种肽,对应于人类受体的残基 368-381。在胶束脂质存在下,NTR 368 TFA 具有螺旋形成倾向。NTR 368 TFA 是神经细胞凋亡 (apoptosis) 的有效诱导剂。

NTR 368 TFAamp;;

NTR 368 TFA Chemical Structure

规格 是否有货
100 mg ; 询价 ;
250 mg ; 询价 ;
500 mg ; 询价 ;

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

生物活性

NTR 368 TFA is a peptide derived from p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) corresponding to residues 368-381 of the human receptor. NTR 368 TFA has helix forming propensity in the presence of micellar lipid. NTR 368 TFA is a potent inducer of neural apoptosis[1].

分子量

1679.88

Formula

C71H125F3N22O21

Sequence Shortening

Ac-ATLDALLAALRRIQ-NH2

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

Solvent Solubility
In Vitro:;

H2O

Peptide Solubility and Storage Guidelines:

1.;;Calculate the length of the peptide.

2.;;Calculate the overall charge of the entire peptide according to the following table:

; Contents Assign value
Acidic amino acid Asp (D), Glu (E), and the C-terminal -COOH. -1
Basic amino acid Arg (R), Lys (K), His (H), and the N-terminal -NH2 +1
Neutral amino acid Gly (G), Ala (A), Leu (L), Ile (I), Val (V), Cys (C), Met (M), Thr (T), Ser (S), Phe (F), Tyr (Y), Trp (W), Pro (P), Asn (N), Gln (Q) 0

3.;;Recommended solution:

Overall charge of peptide Details
Negative (lt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, add NH4OH (lt;50 μL).
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, add DMSO (50-100 μL) to solubilize the peptide.
Positive (gt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, try dissolving the peptide in a 10%-30% acetic acid solution.
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO.
Zero (=0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in organic solvent (acetonitrile, methanol, etc.) first.
2.;;For very hydrophobic peptides, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO, and then dilute the solution with water to the desired concentration.
参考文献
  • [1]. M R Hileman, et al. A cytoplasmic peptide of the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR: induction of apoptosis and NMR determined helical conformation. FEBS Lett. 1997 Sep 29;415(2):145-54.

Hemokinin 1, human TFA

Hemokinin 1, human TFA;

Hemokinin 1, human TFA 是选择性的速激肽神经激肽 1 (NK1) 受体完全激动剂。Hemokinin 1, human TFA 也是 NK2NK3 受体的完全激动剂。Hemokinin 1, human TFA 可以产生非阿片样物质的缓解疼痛作用。

Hemokinin 1, human TFAamp;;

Hemokinin 1, human TFA Chemical Structure

规格 是否有货
100 mg ; 询价 ;
250 mg ; 询价 ;
500 mg ; 询价 ;

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

生物活性

Hemokinin 1, human TFA is a selective tachykinin neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor full agonist. Hemokinin 1, human TFA is a full agonist at NK2 and NK3 receptor. Hemokinin 1, human TFA can produces an opioid-independent analgesia[1][2].

分子量

1299.42

Formula

C56H85F3N14O16S

Sequence Shortening

TGKASQFFGLM-NH2

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

参考文献
  • [1]. Cai-Yun Fu, et al. Hemokinin-1(4-11)-induced analgesia selectively up-regulates δ-opioid receptor expression in mice. PLoS One

    [2]. Francesca Bellucci, et al. Pharmacological profile of the novel mammalian tachykinin, hemokinin 1. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Jan;135(1):266-74.

NoxA1ds TFA

NoxA1ds TFA;

NoxA1ds TFA is a potent and selective NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) inhibitor (IC50=20 nM). NoxA1ds TFA exhibits selectivity for NOX1 over NOX2, NOX4, NOX5 and xanthine oxidase. NoxA1ds TFA inhibits NOX1-derived O2- production in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. NoxA1ds TFA attenuates VEGF-induced human pulmonary artery endothelial cell migration under hypoxic conditions in vitro.

NoxA1ds TFAamp;;

NoxA1ds TFA Chemical Structure

规格 是否有货
100 mg ; 询价 ;
250 mg ; 询价 ;
500 mg ; 询价 ;

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

NoxA1ds TFA 的其他形式现货产品:

NoxA1ds

生物活性

NoxA1ds TFA is a potent and selective NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) inhibitor (IC50=20 nM). NoxA1ds TFA exhibits selectivity for NOX1 over NOX2, NOX4, NOX5 and xanthine oxidase. NoxA1ds TFA inhibits NOX1-derived O2- production in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. NoxA1ds TFA attenuates VEGF-induced human pulmonary artery endothelial cell migration under hypoxic conditions in vitro.

分子量

1239.35

Formula

C52H89F3N14O17

Sequence Shortening

EPVDALGKAKV-NH2

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

Mad1 (6-21) (TFA)

Mad1 (6-21) (TFA);

Mad1 (6-21) TFA 是 Mad1 蛋白的 6-21 片段。Mad1 (6-21) TFA 与哺乳动物 Sin3A PAH2 结合,Kd 为 ~29 nM。

Mad1 (6-21) (TFA)amp;;

Mad1 (6-21) (TFA) Chemical Structure

规格 是否有货
100 mg ; 询价 ;
250 mg ; 询价 ;
500 mg ; 询价 ;

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

生物活性

Mad1 (6-21) TFA is the 6-21 fragment of Mad1 protein. Mad1 (6-21) TFA binds to mammalian Sin3A PAH2 with a Kd of ~29 nM[1].

体外研究
(In Vitro)

The PAH2 domain of mSin3A adopts a left-handed, up-and-down, four-helix bundle structure with residues in all four helices as well as in the turn regions defining a compact structural domain with an extensive hydrophobic core. Helices α1 and α2 form a deep hydrophobic pocket, which constitutes the primary interaction surface for the Mad1 (6-21) peptide. The Mad1 (6-21) forms an amphipathic α helix in the complex and interacts with PAH2 mainly through the apolar surface of the helix[1].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

分子量

2080.31

Formula

C86H141F3N24O28S2

Sequence Shortening

RMNIQMLLEAADYLER

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

Solvent Solubility
In Vitro:;

H2O

Peptide Solubility and Storage Guidelines:

1.;;Calculate the length of the peptide.

2.;;Calculate the overall charge of the entire peptide according to the following table:

; Contents Assign value
Acidic amino acid Asp (D), Glu (E), and the C-terminal -COOH. -1
Basic amino acid Arg (R), Lys (K), His (H), and the N-terminal -NH2 +1
Neutral amino acid Gly (G), Ala (A), Leu (L), Ile (I), Val (V), Cys (C), Met (M), Thr (T), Ser (S), Phe (F), Tyr (Y), Trp (W), Pro (P), Asn (N), Gln (Q) 0

3.;;Recommended solution:

Overall charge of peptide Details
Negative (lt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, add NH4OH (lt;50 μL).
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, add DMSO (50-100 μL) to solubilize the peptide.
Positive (gt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, try dissolving the peptide in a 10%-30% acetic acid solution.
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO.
Zero (=0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in organic solvent (acetonitrile, methanol, etc.) first.
2.;;For very hydrophobic peptides, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO, and then dilute the solution with water to the desired concentration.
参考文献
  • [1]. K Brubaker, et al. Solution structure of the interacting domains of the Mad-Sin3 complex: implications for recruitment of a chromatin-modifying complex. Cell. 2000 Nov 10;103(4):655-65.

[Ala17]-MCH TFA

[Ala17]-MCH TFA;

[Ala17]-MCH TFA 是一种 MCH (HY-P1525A) 的类似物,是 MCHR1 的配体 (Ki=0.16 nM) 选择性优于对 MCHR2 的 (Ki=34 nM)。Eu3+螯合标记 [Ala17]-MCH 对 MCHR1 (Kd=0.37 nM) 亲和性高,而对 MCHR2 的亲和性低。

[Ala17]-MCH TFAamp;;

[Ala17]-MCH TFA Chemical Structure

规格 是否有货
100 mg ; 询价 ;
250 mg ; 询价 ;
500 mg ; 询价 ;

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

[Ala17]-MCH TFA 的其他形式现货产品:

[Ala17]-MCH

生物活性

[Ala17]-MCH TFA, a MCH analogue (HY-P1525A), is a selective ligand for MCHR1 (Ki=0.16 nM) over MCHR2 (Ki=34 nM). [Eu3+ chelate-labeled [Ala17]-MCH shows high affnity for MCHR1 (Kd=0.37 nM) while has little demonstrable binding affnity for MCHR2[1].

IC50 Target

Ki: 0.16 nM (MCHR1)
Ki: 34 nM (MCHR2)[1]

分子量

2385.73

Formula

C99H156F3N29O28S4

Sequence Shortening

DFDMLRCMLGRVYRPCAQV (Disulfide bridge:Cys7-Cys16)

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

参考文献
  • [1]. Xiaoying Gao, et al. Europium-labeled melanin-concentrating hormone analogues: ligands for measuring binding to melanin-concentrating hormone receptors 1 and 2. Anal Biochem. 2004 May 15;328(2):187-95.

[D-Trp34]-Neuropeptide Y TFA

[D-Trp34]-Neuropeptide Y TFA;

[D-Trp34]-Neuropeptide Y TFA 是有效的,选择性神经肽 Y (NPY) Y5 受体激动剂。[D-Trp34]-Neuropeptide Y TFA 在 NPY Y1,Y2,Y4 和 y6 受体上的效力明显较低。[D-Trp34]-Neuropeptide Y TFA 明显增加大鼠的食物摄入量。

[D-Trp34]-Neuropeptide Y TFAamp;;

[D-Trp34]-Neuropeptide Y TFA Chemical Structure

规格 是否有货
100 mg ; 询价 ;
250 mg ; 询价 ;
500 mg ; 询价 ;

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

生物活性

[D-Trp34]-Neuropeptide Y TFA is a potent and selective neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y5 receptor agonist. [D-Trp34]-Neuropeptide Y TFA is a significantly less potent agonist at the NPY Y1, Y2, Y4, and y6 receptors. [D-Trp34]-Neuropeptide Y TFA markedly increases food intake in rats[1][2].

IC50 Target[1]

NPY Y5 receptor

;

体外研究
(In Vitro)

[D-Trp34]-Neuropeptide Y TFA has pKi values of 6.49, 5.43, 7.08, 7.53, 6.55, 5.95, 6.85, 7.41 for hY1, hY2, hY4, hY5, rY1, rY2, rY4, rY5 in CHO cells. [D-Trp34]-Neuropeptide Y TFA has pEC50 values of 6.44, <6, 6.28,7.82 for rY1, rY2 in CHO cells and rY4, rY5 in HEK-293 cells[1].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

体内研究
(In Vivo)

[D-Trp34]-Neuropeptide Y TFA (0, 8 and 16 μg/rat; I.C.V) stimulats food intake to the same extent in both lean and obese rats 1 h after injection at a dose of 16 μg in male Zucker rats[2].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

分子量

2466.76

Formula

C112H171F3N34O26

Sequence Shortening

YPSKPDNPGEDAPAEDLARYYSALRHYINLITR-{D-Trp}-RY-NH2

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

Solvent Solubility
In Vitro:;

H2O

Peptide Solubility and Storage Guidelines:

1.;;Calculate the length of the peptide.

2.;;Calculate the overall charge of the entire peptide according to the following table:

; Contents Assign value
Acidic amino acid Asp (D), Glu (E), and the C-terminal -COOH. -1
Basic amino acid Arg (R), Lys (K), His (H), and the N-terminal -NH2 +1
Neutral amino acid Gly (G), Ala (A), Leu (L), Ile (I), Val (V), Cys (C), Met (M), Thr (T), Ser (S), Phe (F), Tyr (Y), Trp (W), Pro (P), Asn (N), Gln (Q) 0

3.;;Recommended solution:

Overall charge of peptide Details
Negative (lt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, add NH4OH (lt;50 μL).
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, add DMSO (50-100 μL) to solubilize the peptide.
Positive (gt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, try dissolving the peptide in a 10%-30% acetic acid solution.
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO.
Zero (=0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in organic solvent (acetonitrile, methanol, etc.) first.
2.;;For very hydrophobic peptides, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO, and then dilute the solution with water to the desired concentration.
参考文献
  • [1]. E M Parker, et al. [D-Trp(34)] neuropeptide Y is a potent and selective neuropeptide Y Y(5) receptor agonist with dramatic effects on food intake. Peptides. 2000 Mar;21(3):393-9.

    [2]. Bernard Beck, et al. Responsiveness of obese Zucker rats to [D-Trp34]-NPY supports the targeting of Y5 receptor for obesity treatment. Nutr Neurosci. Oct-Dec 2007;10(5-6):211-4.

Novokinin TFA

Novokinin TFA;

Novokinin TFA 是一种血管紧张素 AT2 受体的肽类激动剂。

Novokinin TFAamp;;

Novokinin TFA Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 1262750-59-3

规格 是否有货
100 mg ; 询价 ;
250 mg ; 询价 ;
500 mg ; 询价 ;

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

生物活性

Novokinin TFA is a peptide agonist of the angiotensin AT2 receptor[1].

体内研究
(In Vivo)

Novokinin TFA suppresses food intake after icv. or po. administration in mice[1].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

分子量

909.99

Formula

C41H62F3N11O9

CAS 号

1262750-59-3

Sequence Shortening

RPLKPW

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

Solvent Solubility
In Vitro:;

H2O

Peptide Solubility and Storage Guidelines:

1.;;Calculate the length of the peptide.

2.;;Calculate the overall charge of the entire peptide according to the following table:

; Contents Assign value
Acidic amino acid Asp (D), Glu (E), and the C-terminal -COOH. -1
Basic amino acid Arg (R), Lys (K), His (H), and the N-terminal -NH2 +1
Neutral amino acid Gly (G), Ala (A), Leu (L), Ile (I), Val (V), Cys (C), Met (M), Thr (T), Ser (S), Phe (F), Tyr (Y), Trp (W), Pro (P), Asn (N), Gln (Q) 0

3.;;Recommended solution:

Overall charge of peptide Details
Negative (lt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, add NH4OH (lt;50 μL).
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, add DMSO (50-100 μL) to solubilize the peptide.
Positive (gt;0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in water first.
2.;;If water fails, try dissolving the peptide in a 10%-30% acetic acid solution.
3.;;If the peptide still does not dissolve, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO.
Zero (=0) 1.;;Try to dissolve the peptide in organic solvent (acetonitrile, methanol, etc.) first.
2.;;For very hydrophobic peptides, try dissolving the peptide in a small amount of DMSO, and then dilute the solution with water to the desired concentration.
参考文献
  • [1]. Masaaki Yoshikawa, et al. The pharmacological effects of novokinin; a designed peptide agonist of the angiotensin AT2 receptor. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(17):3009-12.