Ginkgolide A 品牌:Tokiwa Phytochemical


Ginkgolide A

品牌:Tokiwa Phytochemical
CAS No.:
储存条件:4℃
纯度:≧98% (HPLC)
产品编号

(生产商编号)

等级 规格 运输包装 零售价(RMB) 库存情况 参考值

P2308

10 mg 咨询


* 干冰运输、大包装及大批量的产品需酌情添加运输费用


* 零售价、促销产品折扣、运输费用、库存情况、产品及包装规格可能因各种原因有所变动,恕不另行通知,确切详情请联系上海金畔生物科技有限公司。

Ginkgolide C 银杏内酯C 品牌:Chemodex


Ginkgolide C

银杏内酯C

品牌:Chemodex
CAS No.:15291-76-6
储存条件:-20°C
纯度:>98% (HPLC)
产品编号

(生产商编号)

等级 规格 运输包装 零售价(RMB) 库存情况 参考值

CDX-G0214-M010

10 mg 1,130.00


* 干冰运输、大包装及大批量的产品需酌情添加运输费用


* 零售价、促销产品折扣、运输费用、库存情况、产品及包装规格可能因各种原因有所变动,恕不另行通知,确切详情请联系上海金畔生物科技有限公司。

Ginkgolide C 银杏内酯C 品牌:Chemodex


Ginkgolide C

银杏内酯C

品牌:Chemodex
CAS No.:15291-76-6
储存条件:-20°C
纯度:>98% (HPLC)
产品编号

(生产商编号)

等级 规格 运输包装 零售价(RMB) 库存情况 参考值

CDX-G0214-M050

50 mg 4,270.00


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* 零售价、促销产品折扣、运输费用、库存情况、产品及包装规格可能因各种原因有所变动,恕不另行通知,确切详情请联系上海金畔生物科技有限公司。

Ginkgolide B 银杏内酯B 品牌:Chemodex


Ginkgolide B

银杏内酯B

品牌:Chemodex
CAS No.:15291-77-7
储存条件:-20°C
纯度:>98% (HPLC)
产品编号

(生产商编号)

等级 规格 运输包装 零售价(RMB) 库存情况 参考值

CDX-G0218-M010

10 mg 550.00


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Ginkgolide B 银杏内酯B 品牌:Chemodex


Ginkgolide B

银杏内酯B

品牌:Chemodex
CAS No.:15291-77-7
储存条件:-20°C
纯度:>98% (HPLC)
产品编号

(生产商编号)

等级 规格 运输包装 零售价(RMB) 库存情况 参考值

CDX-G0218-M050

50 mg 1,880.00


* 干冰运输、大包装及大批量的产品需酌情添加运输费用


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Ginkgolide A 银杏内酯A 品牌:Chemodex


Ginkgolide A

银杏内酯A

品牌:Chemodex
CAS No.:15291-75-5
储存条件:-20°C
纯度:>98% (HPLC)
产品编号

(生产商编号)

等级 规格 运输包装 零售价(RMB) 库存情况 参考值

CDX-G0221-M025

25 mg 1,600.00


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Ginkgolide C 品牌:Nagara Science


Ginkgolide C

品牌:Nagara Science
CAS No.:
储存条件:4℃
纯度:>98%(HPLC)
产品编号

(生产商编号)

等级 规格 运输包装 零售价(RMB) 库存情况 参考值

NH050302

10 mg 咨询


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* 零售价、促销产品折扣、运输费用、库存情况、产品及包装规格可能因各种原因有所变动,恕不另行通知,确切详情请联系上海金畔生物科技有限公司。

Ginkgolide B(Synonyms: BN-52021)

上海金畔生物科技有限公司提供天然产物萜类及其苷类Terpenoids and Glycosides。

Ginkgolide B (Synonyms: BN-52021) 纯度: ≥98.0%

Ginkgolide B (BN-52021) 是一种萜类物质,是银杏叶中的重要的活性物质之一。

Ginkgolide B(Synonyms: BN-52021)

Ginkgolide B Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 15291-77-7

规格 价格 是否有货 数量
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO ¥500 In-stock
10 mg ¥360 In-stock
50 mg ¥1220 In-stock
100 mg   询价  
200 mg   询价  

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

Ginkgolide B 相关产品

相关化合物库:

  • Covalent Screening Library Plus
  • Natural Product Library Plus
  • Bioactive Compound Library Plus
  • Apoptosis Compound Library
  • Metabolism/Protease Compound Library
  • Natural Product Library
  • Anti-Cancer Compound Library
  • Human Endogenous Metabolite Compound Library
  • Covalent Screening Library
  • Medicine Food Homology Compound Library
  • Terpenoids Library
  • Traditional Chinese Medicine Monomer Library
  • Food-Sourced Compound Library
  • Rare Diseases Drug Library

生物活性

Ginkgolide B (BN-52021), an important active terpenoid from Ginkgo biloba leaves, is reported to increase cell viability and decrease cell apoptosis. IC50 value: Target: In vitro: Ginkgolide B (0.2 or 0.4 μg/ml) was added to the culture medium in vitro led to increases in cell viability and decreases in the number of hippocampal cells undergoing AAPH-induced apoptosis [1]. Ginkgolide B caused a dose-related protection against dysrhythmias; the antiarrhythmic effect of ginkgolide B was comparable to that of diltiazem and superior to the activity of metoprolol. Ginkgolide B can presumably prevent the re-entry mechanism involved in the development of ischemia-induced rhythm disturbances [2]. In vivo: Oral administration of ginkgolide B (2 mg/kg/day, p.o.) caused a significant increase in cell viability and a highly significant decrease in the numbers of both spontaneously occurring and AAPH-induced apoptoses.

IC50 & Target

Human Endogenous Metabolite

 

分子量

424.40

Formula

C20H24O10

CAS 号

15291-77-7

中文名称

银杏内酯 B;白果苦内酯 B

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式
Powder -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 6 months
-20°C 1 month
溶解性数据
In Vitro: 

DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (235.63 mM)

* “≥” means soluble, but saturation unknown.

配制储备液
浓度 溶剂体积 质量 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 2.3563 mL 11.7813 mL 23.5627 mL
5 mM 0.4713 mL 2.3563 mL 4.7125 mL
10 mM 0.2356 mL 1.1781 mL 2.3563 mL

*

请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液;一旦配成溶液,请分装保存,避免反复冻融造成的产品失效
储备液的保存方式和期限:-80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month。-80°C 储存时,请在 6 个月内使用,-20°C 储存时,请在 1 个月内使用。

In Vivo:

请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解方案。以下溶解方案都请先按照 In Vitro 方式配制澄清的储备液,再依次添加助溶剂:

——为保证实验结果的可靠性,澄清的储备液可以根据储存条件,适当保存;体内实验的工作液,建议您现用现配,当天使用; 以下溶剂前显示的百
分比是指该溶剂在您配制终溶液中的体积占比;如在配制过程中出现沉淀、析出现象,可以通过加热和/或超声的方式助溶

  • 1.

    请依序添加每种溶剂: 10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.89 mM); Clear solution

    此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.89 mM,饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

    以 1 mL 工作液为例,取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中,混合均匀;向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80,混合均匀;然后继续加入 450 μL生理盐水定容至 1 mL。

    将 0.9 g 氯化钠,完全溶解于 100 mL ddH₂O 中,得到澄清透明的生理盐水溶液

  • 2.

    请依序添加每种溶剂: 10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.89 mM); Clear solution

    此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.89 mM,饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

    以 1 mL 工作液为例,取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL 20% 的 SBE-β-CD 生理盐水水溶液中,混合均匀。

    将 2 g 磺丁基醚 β-环糊精加入 5 mL 生理盐水中,再用生理盐水定容至 10 mL,完全溶解,澄清透明
  • 3.

    请依序添加每种溶剂: 10% DMSO    90% corn oil

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.89 mM); Clear solution

    此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.89 mM,饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液,此方案不适用于实验周期在半个月以上的实验。

    以 1 mL 工作液为例,取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL玉米油中,混合均匀。

*以上所有助溶剂都可在 Shanghai Jinpan Biotech Co Ltd 网站选购。
参考文献
  • [1]. Jean R. Rapin, et al. In vitro and in vivo effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761), ginkgolide B, and bilobalide on apoptosis in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. Drug Development Research, 1998, 45 (1):1-43

    [2]. Matyas Koltai, et al. Ginkgolide B protects isolated hearts against arrhythmias induced by ischemia but not reperfusion. European Journal of Pharmacology, 1989, 164 (2): 293-302

Ginkgolide A(Synonyms: 银杏内酯A; BN-52020)

上海金畔生物科技有限公司提供天然产物萜类及其苷类Terpenoids and Glycosides。

Ginkgolide A (Synonyms: 银杏内酯A; BN-52020) 纯度: ≥98.0%

Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) 提取自银杏叶,是 GABA 拮抗剂。

Ginkgolide A(Synonyms: 银杏内酯A; BN-52020)

Ginkgolide A Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 15291-75-5

规格 价格 是否有货 数量
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO ¥500 In-stock
10 mg ¥357 In-stock
50 mg ¥1429 In-stock
100 mg   询价  
200 mg   询价  

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

Ginkgolide A 相关产品

相关化合物库:

  • Covalent Screening Library Plus
  • Natural Product Library Plus
  • Bioactive Compound Library Plus
  • Immunology/Inflammation Compound Library
  • Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel Compound Library
  • Metabolism/Protease Compound Library
  • Neuronal Signaling Compound Library
  • Natural Product Library
  • Human Endogenous Metabolite Compound Library
  • Covalent Screening Library
  • Lipid Compound Library
  • Medicine Food Homology Compound Library
  • Terpenoids Library
  • Neurotransmitter Receptor Compound Library
  • Traditional Chinese Medicine Monomer Library
  • Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease Compound Library
  • Anti-Parkinson’s Disease Compound Library
  • Neurodegenerative Disease-related Compound Library
  • Food-Sourced Compound Library

生物活性

Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is an extract from in Ginkgo biloba and a g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist.

IC50 & Target

Human Endogenous Metabolite

 

体外研究
(In Vitro)

Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) is a highly active PAF antagonist cage molecule that is isolated from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. Shows potential in a wide variety of inflammatory and immunological disorders. Ginkgolide A (BN-52020) failed to affect apoptotic damage neither in serum-deprived nor in staurosporine-treated neurons[2].

Shanghai Jinpan Biotech Co Ltd has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

体内研究
(In Vivo)

Ginkgolide A significantly shortened the sleeping time in anesthetized mice[1].

Shanghai Jinpan Biotech Co Ltd has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

分子量

408.40

Formula

C20H24O9

CAS 号

15291-75-5

中文名称

银杏内酯A

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式
Powder -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 6 months
-20°C 1 month
溶解性数据
In Vitro: 

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (244.86 mM; Need ultrasonic)

配制储备液
浓度 溶剂体积 质量 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 2.4486 mL 12.2429 mL 24.4858 mL
5 mM 0.4897 mL 2.4486 mL 4.8972 mL
10 mM 0.2449 mL 1.2243 mL 2.4486 mL

*

请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液;一旦配成溶液,请分装保存,避免反复冻融造成的产品失效
储备液的保存方式和期限:-80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month。-80°C 储存时,请在 6 个月内使用,-20°C 储存时,请在 1 个月内使用。

In Vivo:

请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解方案。以下溶解方案都请先按照 In Vitro 方式配制澄清的储备液,再依次添加助溶剂:

——为保证实验结果的可靠性,澄清的储备液可以根据储存条件,适当保存;体内实验的工作液,建议您现用现配,当天使用; 以下溶剂前显示的百
分比是指该溶剂在您配制终溶液中的体积占比;如在配制过程中出现沉淀、析出现象,可以通过加热和/或超声的方式助溶

  • 1.

    请依序添加每种溶剂: 10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.12 mM); Clear solution

    此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.12 mM,饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

    以 1 mL 工作液为例,取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中,混合均匀;向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80,混合均匀;然后继续加入 450 μL生理盐水定容至 1 mL。

    将 0.9 g 氯化钠,完全溶解于 100 mL ddH₂O 中,得到澄清透明的生理盐水溶液

  • 2.

    请依序添加每种溶剂: 10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.12 mM); Clear solution

    此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.12 mM,饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

    以 1 mL 工作液为例,取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL 20% 的 SBE-β-CD 生理盐水水溶液中,混合均匀。

    将 2 g 磺丁基醚 β-环糊精加入 5 mL 生理盐水中,再用生理盐水定容至 10 mL,完全溶解,澄清透明
  • 3.

    请依序添加每种溶剂: 10% DMSO    90% corn oil

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.12 mM); Clear solution

    此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.12 mM,饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液,此方案不适用于实验周期在半个月以上的实验。

    以 1 mL 工作液为例,取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL玉米油中,混合均匀。

*以上所有助溶剂都可在 Shanghai Jinpan Biotech Co Ltd 网站选购。
参考文献
  • [1]. Wada, K., et al., Isolation of bilobalide and ginkgolide A from Ginkgo biloba L. shorten the sleeping time induced in mice by anesthetics. Biol Pharm Bull, 1993. 16(2): p. 210-2.

    [2]. Ahlemeyer, B. and J. Krieglstein, Pharmacological studies supporting the therapeutic use of Ginkgo biloba extract for Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacopsychiatry, 2003. 36(S 1): p. 8-14.

Ginkgolide C(Synonyms: BN-52022; Ginkgolide-C)

上海金畔生物科技有限公司提供天然产物萜类及其苷类Terpenoids and Glycosides。

Ginkgolide C (Synonyms: BN-52022; Ginkgolide-C) 纯度: ≥98.0%

Ginkgolide C 是从银杏叶中分离到的黄酮类物质,具有多种生物功能,可以减少血小板聚集,改善阿尔兹海默症等。

Ginkgolide C(Synonyms: BN-52022;  Ginkgolide-C)

Ginkgolide C Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 15291-76-6

规格 价格 是否有货 数量
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO ¥583 In-stock
10 mg ¥530 In-stock
50 mg ¥2100 In-stock
100 mg   询价  
200 mg   询价  

* Please select Quantity before adding items.

Ginkgolide C 相关产品

相关化合物库:

  • Covalent Screening Library Plus
  • Natural Product Library Plus
  • Bioactive Compound Library Plus
  • Cell Cycle/DNA Damage Compound Library
  • Epigenetics Compound Library
  • Kinase Inhibitor Library
  • Metabolism/Protease Compound Library
  • PI3K/Akt/mTOR Compound Library
  • Natural Product Library
  • Histone Modification Research Compound Library
  • Human Endogenous Metabolite Compound Library
  • Anti-Aging Compound Library
  • Covalent Screening Library
  • Antioxidants Compound Library
  • Oxygen Sensing Compound Library
  • Medicine Food Homology Compound Library
  • Terpenoids Library
  • Glycolysis Compound Library
  • Cytoskeleton Compound Library
  • Glutamine Metabolism Compound Library
  • Traditional Chinese Medicine Monomer Library
  • FDA Approved & Pharmacopeial Drug Library
  • Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease Compound Library
  • Anti-Pancreatic Cancer Compound Library
  • Anti-Cancer Metabolism Compound Library
  • Neurodegenerative Disease-related Compound Library
  • Anti-Obesity Compound Library
  • Angiogenesis Related Compound Library
  • Lipid Metabolism Compound Library
  • Glucose Metabolism Compound Library
  • Food-Sourced Compound Library

生物活性

Ginkgolide C is a flavone isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves, possessing multiple biological functions, such as decreasing platelet aggregation and ameliorating Alzheimer disease.

IC50 & Target

AMPK

 

MMP-9

 

Human Endogenous Metabolite

 

Sirtuin

 

体外研究
(In Vitro)

Ginkgolide C (3-100 μM) has no significant effect on 3T3-L1 cell viability, but suppresses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells followling 24 h treatment. Ginkgolide C (10-100 μM) significantly suppresses lipid accumulation compared with the control group and also significantly promotes glycerol release in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Ginkgolide C suppresses PPAR-α and PPAR-γ expression and decreases C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, and SREBP-1c expression in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, Ginkgolide C (3-100 μM) suppress adipogenesis-related protein (FAS, LPL, and aP2) and mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Ginkgolide C (3-100 μM) also significantly promotes Sirt1 production and increases phosphorylation of AMPKα and ACC-1 in a concentration-dependent manner[1]. Ginkgolide C (1, 10, 50, 100, 500 mM) significantly reduces the collagen (10 mg/mL)-stimulated rat platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner. Ginkgolide C (50, 100 mM) causes pro-MMP-9 (92-kDa) to form an activated MMP-9 (86-kDa) in collagen-stimulated platelets[2].

Shanghai Jinpan Biotech Co Ltd has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

分子量

440.40

Formula

C20H24O11

CAS 号

15291-76-6

中文名称

银杏内酯 C;白果苦内酯 C

运输条件

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

储存方式
Powder -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 6 months
-20°C 1 month
溶解性数据
In Vitro: 

DMSO : 250 mg/mL (567.67 mM; Need ultrasonic)

配制储备液
浓度 溶剂体积 质量 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 2.2707 mL 11.3533 mL 22.7066 mL
5 mM 0.4541 mL 2.2707 mL 4.5413 mL
10 mM 0.2271 mL 1.1353 mL 2.2707 mL

*

请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液;一旦配成溶液,请分装保存,避免反复冻融造成的产品失效
储备液的保存方式和期限:-80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month。-80°C 储存时,请在 6 个月内使用,-20°C 储存时,请在 1 个月内使用。

In Vivo:

请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解方案。以下溶解方案都请先按照 In Vitro 方式配制澄清的储备液,再依次添加助溶剂:

——为保证实验结果的可靠性,澄清的储备液可以根据储存条件,适当保存;体内实验的工作液,建议您现用现配,当天使用; 以下溶剂前显示的百
分比是指该溶剂在您配制终溶液中的体积占比;如在配制过程中出现沉淀、析出现象,可以通过加热和/或超声的方式助溶

  • 1.

    请依序添加每种溶剂: 10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.68 mM); Clear solution

    此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.68 mM,饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

    以 1 mL 工作液为例,取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中,混合均匀;向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80,混合均匀;然后继续加入 450 μL生理盐水定容至 1 mL。

    将 0.9 g 氯化钠,完全溶解于 100 mL ddH₂O 中,得到澄清透明的生理盐水溶液

  • 2.

    请依序添加每种溶剂: 10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.68 mM); Clear solution

    此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.68 mM,饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

    以 1 mL 工作液为例,取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL 20% 的 SBE-β-CD 生理盐水水溶液中,混合均匀。

    将 2 g 磺丁基醚 β-环糊精加入 5 mL 生理盐水中,再用生理盐水定容至 10 mL,完全溶解,澄清透明
  • 3.

    请依序添加每种溶剂: 10% DMSO    90% corn oil

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.68 mM); Clear solution

    此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.68 mM,饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液,此方案不适用于实验周期在半个月以上的实验。

    以 1 mL 工作液为例,取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL玉米油中,混合均匀。

*以上所有助溶剂都可在 Shanghai Jinpan Biotech Co Ltd 网站选购。
参考文献
  • [1]. Liou CJ, et al. Ginkgolide C Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes via the AMPK Signaling Pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:298635.

    [2]. Ginkgolide C, et al. Ginkgolide C inhibits platelet aggregation in cAMP- and cGMP-dependent manner by activating MMP-9. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Dec;30(12):2340-4.

Cell Assay
[1]

3T3-L1 cells are treated with various concentrations of ginkgolide C in 96-well plates for 24 h. Cell viability is analyzed by the MTT assay. The culture medium is removed, and the cells are incubated with 100 μL MTT solution (5 mg/mL) for 4 h at 37°C. After plates are washed, isopropanol is added to dissolve formazone crystals, followed by absorbance detection with a spectrophotometer at 570 nm[1].

Shanghai Jinpan Biotech Co Ltd has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

参考文献
  • [1]. Liou CJ, et al. Ginkgolide C Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes via the AMPK Signaling Pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:298635.

    [2]. Ginkgolide C, et al. Ginkgolide C inhibits platelet aggregation in cAMP- and cGMP-dependent manner by activating MMP-9. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Dec;30(12):2340-4.