D-Galactose is a natural aldohexose and C-4 epimer of glucose.

Galactose is important for the survival and virulence of bacteria. In Escherichia coli galactose is utilized by the Leloir pathway. Two anomers of d-galactose are used for different purposes, α-d-galactose as a carbon source and β-d-galactose for induction of UDP-galactose synthesis for biosynthetic glycosylation^[1].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Chronic D-galactose exposure induces neurodegeneration by enhancing caspase-mediated apoptosis and inhibiting neurogenesis and neuron migration in mice, as well as increasing oxidative damage. In addition, D-galactose-induced toxicity in mice is a useful model for studying the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and neuroprotective drugs and agents^[2]. D-galactose given by oral route causes cognitive impairments in rats which are accompanied by oxidative damage. Cognitive impairments is observed in the open-field test in the 4th and 6th weeks after d-gal administration, as well as an impairment in spatial memory in the radial maze test after the 6th week of d-gal administration^[3].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

180.16

C₆H₁₂O₆

59-23-4

D-半乳糖

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

H₂O : 62.5 mg/mL (346.91 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)

DMSO : 50 mg/mL (277.53 mM; Need ultrasonic)

请根据产品在不同溶剂中的溶解度选择合适的溶剂配制储备液；一旦配成溶液，请分装保存，避免反复冻融造成的产品失效。
储备液的保存方式和期限：-80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month。-80°C 储存时，请在 6 个月内使用，-20°C 储存时，请在 1 个月内使用。

请根据您的实验动物和给药方式选择适当的溶解方案。以下溶解方案都请先按照 In Vitro 方式配制澄清的储备液，再依次添加助溶剂：

——为保证实验结果的可靠性，澄清的储备液可以根据储存条件，适当保存；体内实验的工作液，建议您现用现配，当天使用； 以下溶剂前显示的百
分比是指该溶剂在您配制终溶液中的体积占比；如在配制过程中出现沉淀、析出现象，可以通过加热和/或超声的方式助溶

• 1.

  请依序添加每种溶剂：;PBS

  Solubility: 130 mg/mL (721.58 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
• 2.

  请依序添加每种溶剂：;10% DMSO ;; 40% PEG300 ;; 5% Tween-80 ;; 45% saline

  Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM); Clear solution

  此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM，饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 400 μL PEG300 中，混合均匀；向上述体系中加入50 μL Tween-80，混合均匀；然后继续加入 450 μL生理盐水定容至 1 mL。

  将 0.9 g 氯化钠，完全溶解于 100 mL ddH₂O 中，得到澄清透明的生理盐水溶液

• 3.

  请依序添加每种溶剂：;10% DMSO ;; 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)

  Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM); Clear solution

  此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM，饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL 20% 的 SBE-β-CD 生理盐水水溶液中，混合均匀。

  将 2 g 磺丁基醚 β-环糊精加入 5 mL 生理盐水中，再用生理盐水定容至 10 mL，完全溶解，澄清透明
• 4.

  请依序添加每种溶剂：;10% DMSO ;; 90% corn oil

  Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM); Clear solution

  此方案可获得 ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM，饱和度未知) 的澄清溶液，此方案不适用于实验周期在半个月以上的实验。

  以 1 mL 工作液为例，取 100 μL 25.0 mg/mL 的澄清 DMSO 储备液加到 900 μL玉米油中，混合均匀。

• [1]. Csiszovszki Z, et al. Structure and function of the D-galactose network in enterobacteria. MBio. 2011 Jun 28;2(4):e00053-11.

  [2]. Cui X, et al. Chronic systemic D-galactose exposure induces memory loss, neurodegeneration, and oxidativedamage in mice: protective effects of R-alpha-lipoic acid. J Neurosci Res. 2006 Aug 15;84(3):647-54.

  [3]. Budni J, et al. Oral administration of d-galactose induces cognitive impairments and oxidative damage in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2016 Apr 1;302:35-43.

Rats: D-galactose is dissolved in water for administration at the dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight, and given by oral gavage, once a day, over a period of 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks. Animals are randomized into two groups: control animals (receiving water by oral gavage) or d-gal animals (receiving D-galactose by oral gavage). The behavioral tests and biochemical analysis are undertaken on the1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks after the last administration of d-gal^[3].

Mice: Male adult C57BL/6 mice are randomly divided into three groups (control, D-galactose, and D-galactose plus α-LA). D-galactose (100 mg/kg) is injected subcutaneously (s.c.) daily into mice for 7 weeks. α-LA (100 mg/kg body weight) is injected peritoneally (i.p.) daily concomitantly for 7 weeks. All control animals are given saline^[2].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

• [1]. Csiszovszki Z, et al. Structure and function of the D-galactose network in enterobacteria. MBio. 2011 Jun 28;2(4):e00053-11.

  [2]. Cui X, et al. Chronic systemic D-galactose exposure induces memory loss, neurodegeneration, and oxidativedamage in mice: protective effects of R-alpha-lipoic acid. J Neurosci Res. 2006 Aug 15;84(3):647-54.

  [3]. Budni J, et al. Oral administration of d-galactose induces cognitive impairments and oxidative damage in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2016 Apr 1;302:35-43.